1.sperm reaches ovum, zona pellucida dissolves, zygote is formed, embryo begins secreting hCG, implantation occurs.2.taking the pregnancy test caused her to miscarry. an embryo implanted brie?y but did not survive.if she has hepatitis or HIV. because it is time-consuming and expensive. if she wants to recover quickly from childbirth.if she wants to avoid becoming pregnant again.4.the baby is in the wrong position for birth. infection present in the birth canal. the woman believing vaginal delivery will affect her sex life.5.infants be exclusively breast-fed for a year. infants have access to breast milk through the ?rst two years of life. women supplement breast-feeding with formula for balanced nutrition.